تقریرات درس خیارات استاد امینی حف - شماره اول

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باسمه تعالی
این مباحث تقریرات درس خیارات استاد امینی حفظه الله می باشد که در سال تحصیلی 97-98 در مدرسه فقهی امام کاظم تدریس می گردد .
انشاالله شماره های بعدی هم به اشتراک گذاشته خواهد شد .
این شماره تقریرات توسط طلبه ی گرامی جناب آقای امیر فنایی نوشته شده است .
پیشاپیش از نقدهای دوستان تشکر می نمایم .
شماره یک :
مقدمه :
مرحوم شیخ انصاری ره کما اینکه شیوه مرسوم بین علماء این بوده که در بدو ورود به مباحث ، تعاریف لغوی و اصطلاحی را ارائه میدهند ایشان هم میفرمایند :
• معنای لغوی :
در لغت اینکه کلمه خیار ، مصدر (انتخاب کردن ) باشد یا اسم مصدر ( انتخاب ) اختلافی است زیرا در معنای لغوی ، هم قابلیت لحاظ صدور از فاعل وجود دارد ( معنای مصدری ) و هم قابلیت عدم ملاحظه ی حیث صدور از فاعل وجود دارد یعنی معنای حاصل مصدری ( اسم مصدر )
نکته : عمده فرقی که بین معنای مصدری و اسم مصدری ذکر شده است اینست که در معنای مصدری غیر از آن که ذات حدوث شیء ملاحظه می شود ، نظر به حیث صدور از یک فاعل مجهولی هم دارد ولی در اسم مصدر اصلا نظری به حیث صدور از فاعل ندارد .
• معنای اصطلاحی :
غالبا در لسان متاخرین ، کلمه خیار استعمال در این معنا می شود : ملک فسخ العقد : جواز فسخ کردن عقد - تسلط بر بهم زدن عقد - توانایی بر متلاشی کردن عقد
به نظر می رسد که شیخ ره معنای جواز بر هم زدن عقد را از ظاهر ملک فسخ العقد برداشت می کند و قائلند که معنای اصطلاحی خیار ظهور در این دارد که خیار یک حق است نه یک حکم
شاهد بر این مدعی : تعبیر به لعل برای ذکر معنای دوم خیار است .
حکم : جواز تسلط و توانایی بر بهم زدن عقد
حق : ملاحظه می شود معنای ملک عرفی در معنای آن به این معنا که فسخ حق شماست و مالک آن هستی کما اینکه مالک کتابت هستی و می توانی با آن خرید و فروش انجام دهی ، فسخ هم مال توست و احکام ملک بر آن جاری می شود .
شاهد دیگری بر اینکه شیخ ، ملک فسخ العقد را ظاهر در حق بودن می بیند اینست که اصلا به معنای حکمی آن اشاره نمی کند و سریع سراغ نتایج میرود و میگوید فیدخل فلان و ...
مرحوم شیخ می فرمایند اگر ما خیار را به معنای جواز فسخ عقد بگیریم ، تالی فاسدهایی دارد ، من جمله آن تالی فاسدها اینست که در مصادیق بسیار زیادی ملک فسخ العقد صادق است به عبارت دیگر تعریف خیار در مصادیق زیادی صادق است اما عنوان اینکه تو خیار داری و مخیری صادق نیست .
مثلا کسی که عقد جایز انجام می دهد جواز فسح عقد دارد و ملک فسخ عقد صادق است اما هیچکس نمی گوید تو خیار داری .
یا در عقد فضولی مالک اصلی می تواند عقدی را که بر مالش واقع شده است را فسخ کند و ملک فسخ العقد صادق است اما هیچکس نمی گوید تو خیار داری فلذا عنوان تو مخیری صادق نیست .
یا در وصیت تملیکی که متوفی اموالش رابه ملک زید در می آورد و او هم قبول می کند اگر بیشتر از ثلث وصیت کرده باشد در مازاد یا در اصل وصیت وراث جواز فسخ دارند و ملک فسخ صادق است اما هیچکس نمی گوید توخیار داری .
• بررسی مثال عقد فضولی
اشکال استاد : مثالی که مرحوم شیخ در رابطه با عقد فضولی فرمودند صحیح نیست و ملک فسخ العقد صادق نیست زیرا فسخ العقد فرع بر اینست که عقد و نقل و انتقالی صورت گرفته باشد ، لذا مالک آن نقل و انتقال را فسخ و باطل می کند و اثر را از بین میبرد در حالی که در عقد فضولی نقل و انتقالی صورت نگرفته تا مالک بخواهد فسخ کند . بله امضا میتواند بکند اما فسخ خیر چون عقد تامی صورت نگرفته است .
بله اگر مرادتان از عقد ، عقد تعلیقی باشد به این صورت که بگویید : ملک فسخ العقد ، عقود تعلیقی را هم شامل می شود در اینصورت مثال فضولی صحیح است و مالک اصلی جواز فسخ عقد تعلیقی را دارد اما چه کنیم که عقد ظاهر در این معنا نیست .
فنایی : ما قائلیم کلمات را در همان بابی که استعمال می شوند باید به تناسب همان مکان استعمال شده معنا کرد ، لذا کلمه عقد در باب بیع فضولی ظهورش در همان بیع و عقد تعلیقی است نه تام .
• بررسی مثال ملک الوارث

اگر موصی وصیت کند به نحو وصیت تملیکی ( مثلا بگوید وصیت می کنم اموالم به ملک زید در آید . در مقابل وصیت عهدی که میگوید وصیت می کنم مسجد ساخته شود ) که تمام اموالش به آقای زید برسد در این صورت وراث نسبت به مازاد بر ثلث یا نسبت به کل مال وصیت شده ( علی اختلاف بین الفقها ) می توانند وصیت را بهم بزنند و در اینصورت وراث مالک فسخ عقد هستند منتهی هیچکس نمی تواند به آن ها بگوید خیار دارید

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