تقریر فقه 17 دی

[سید محسن منافی]

اشکال:
1- هیچ شاهد لغوی بر معنای مذکور از لفظ عرف وجود ندارد، بلکه عرف به معنای معروف یا هر کار خوبی است.
2- این فقره در سیاق دو امر استحبابی واقع شده است.
(جواب:
- وجوب و استحباب از مستعمل فیه هیئت امر خارج است و آنها با قرینه ی خارجی می فهمیم.
- صِرف وحدت سیاق مخصوصاً در قرآن-که معلوم نیست که در هنگام نزول در کنار هم نازل شده اند.-، نمی تواند ظهور اولی را از بین ببرد.)
3- لازمه ی حمل این آیه بر وجوب، تخصیص اکثر است؛ چون سیره ی عقلائیه ای که واجب است به آن عمل کنیم، کم است. پس حمل بر جامعِ بعث می کنیم که دیگر دلالتی بر مدعا نمی کند.
(جواب:
وجوب و استحباب از مستعمل فیه هیئت امر خارج است و آنها با قرینه ی خارجی می فهمیم.)
4- اگر فعلی ظهور داشته باشد در این که متعلَّقش خاص است و در عین حال متعلَّقش مذکور باشد و ظهور در معنای عامی داشته باشد، سیره‌ی عقلا بر این است که فعل خاص، قرینه است بر تخصیص متعلَّق عامّش؛ مثلاً در «لاتضرب أحداً» فعل «لاتضرب» ظهور دارد در این که ضرب باید به حیّ تعلق گرفته باشد، و در عین حال متعلَّقش یعنی «أحداً» مذکور است و عام است و شامل حی و میت می‌شود، فعل «لاتضرب» قرینه می‌شود بر اختصاص «أحداً» به «حیّ».
در ما نحن ‌فیه خداوند به پیامبر امرفرموده که به سیَر معروفه دستوربدهد. سیر معروفه و پسندیده، یا واجب است یا مستحب، و قطعاً مستحب نیست؛ چون امر به مستحبات، واجب نیست. پس مأموربه در این آیه، امرکردن پیامبر است به سیَر واجبه. پس موضوع این دلیل، «سیر واجبه» است. برای اثبات این که: «ترتیب واجب است (چون به حسب این آیه پیامبر به این سیره امرفرموده).» اگر به این آیه تمسک کنیم، تمسک به دلیل در شبهه‌ی مصداقیه است.
جواب اول:
این مقدمه که «امر به مستحبات، واجب نیست.»، صحیح نیست؛ ممکن است خداوند بر پیامبرش واجب کند به مستحبات امرکند تا در اثر این تأکیدها، مستحبات متروک و مهجور نشود.
جواب: وجوب و استحباب، خارج از مدلول الفاظ است.
یک جواب هم همان جواب سابق است؛ که استحباب و وجوب، جزء مدلول نیست؛ نه جزء هیئت امر است و نه جزء مدلول ماده‌ی امر است. لذا «آمرکم بغسل الجمعه» یا «آمرکم بصلاه اللیل» مجاز نیست.

[سید صالح صالحی]

با عرض سلام
1. در جواب اول از مناقشه دوم، خوب بود که بعد از بیان اینکه وجوب و استحباب از محدوده دلالت استعمالی خارج است، نتیجه این جواب را هم بیان می کردید که: با این بیان (وجوب) اصلاً داخل در موضوعٌ‌له نیست تا قرینه‌ی سیاق مانعش بشود، سیاق هر سه جمله، همان معنای موضوعٌ‌له یعنی «بعث» است.
2. اگر در مناقشه چهارم و جواب های آن اگر به بیان خودتان می نوشتید بهتر بود.
3. نتیجه این دو جواب هم این شد که مامور به، سیره های واجبه فقط نیست، تا تمسک به این آیه شریفه برای اثبات وجوب این سیره (مراعات ترتیب)، تمسک به دلیل شود در شبهه مصداقیه خود دلیل، چرا که دلیل مطلق سیره جمیله را (اعم از واجب و مستحب) شامل می شود.

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