تحقیق جلسه 98/11/1 استصحاب صحة

[حمید رضا الوستانی]

با سلام و احترام
1. محل نزاع در تنبیه هشتم یعنی استصحاب صحت را توضیح دهید.
2. مطابق عبارت (لکن التحقیق:التفصیل بین موارد الشک...)
نظر مصنف را در مورد جریان و عدم جریان استصحاب صحة بیان نمایید.
3.کیفیت تمسک به آیه شریفه (ولا تبطلوا أعمالکم) را در جهت حکم به صحت عبادتی که در أثناء آن شک در صحت عارض میشود را توضیح داده و پاسخ مصنف از آن را بیان نمایید.

[rezavakili]

بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم
جواب سوال 1. اگر در نماز شک در تحقق مفسد کنیم حال چه این فساد محتمل، ناشی از فقد جزء یا شرط باشد چه ناشی از وجود مانع یا قاطع، آیا میتوان استصحاب صحت عبادت را جاری دانست یا خیر؟
اگر منظور صحت کل عبادت در اثناء باشد که قطعا استصحاب جاری نیست چون هنوز نماز تمام نشده است و صحت عبادت وقتی معنا دارد که عبادت تمام شده باشد ولی در مورد استصحاب صحت تا اینجای نماز و استفاده از آن برای وجوب ادامه دادن و در نتیجه صحت نماز نزاع رخ داده است.
جواب سوال 2. مرحوم شیخ بین موارد شک در صحت به خاطر وجود قاطع و بین صحت آن به خاطر نقص در اجزاء و شرایط و یا ایجاد مانع تفصیل داده اند و در مورد قاطع که هیئت اتصالیه را به هم میزند استصحاب قابلیت اجزاء برای لحوق بقیه اجزاء به اجزاء قبل را با تسامحات عرفی جاری میدانند ولی در مورد شک در شرط و جزء و مانع استصحاب را جاری نمیدانند چرا که استصحاب در این موضع اگر در مورد صحت اجزاء سابقه بخواهد جاری شود که فایده ای ندارد چه بخواهیم از آن موافقت با امر مولا را ثابت کنیم چه ترتب اثر را. چراکه حتی در مورد علم به طرو فاسد باز هم به صحت اجزاء سابقه خللی وارد نمیشود. در مورد کل نماز هم که چون هنوز تمام نشده استصحاب صحت بی معناست و حالت سابقه ندارد. البته سوال اینجاست که چرا با همان تسامح عرفی همان استصحاب قابلیت اجزاء برای لحوق بقیه اجزاء را در این موارد هم جاری نمیکنید؟
جواب سوال 3. استناد به آیه لا تبطلوا به این نحو است که آیه حرمت باطل کردن عمل را ثابت میکند و حرمت ابطال ملازم با وجوب مضی و صحت عمل است با توجه به اجماع مرکبی که در اقل و اکثر ادعاشد که هیچ کس قائل به وجوب اتمام و بطلان نشده است. پس مواردی که قطعا باطل هستند از ذیل این خطاب خارج میشوند و موارد مشکوک باقی میمانند و حکم به صحتشان میشود.
مرحوم شیخ مدعی هستند اصلا آیه در بیان حکم تکلیفی حرمت بطلان عمل نیست بلکه همانند آیه لا تبطلوا صدقاتکم بالمن میخواهد بگوید اثر عمل صحیحی که انجام داده اید را با شرک و کفر و ... احباط نکنید و این استظهار در عرض بقیه احتمالات به این دلیل است که اولا ابطال به معنای حقیقی آن میشود طبق این معنا ثانیا قبل از این عبارت آیه اطاعت از خداوند و رسول مطرح است و مناسب تقابل با اطاعت احباط است ثالثا معنایی که مستدل به آن تکیه کرده موجب تخصیص اکثر میشود چون در بسیاری از اعمال حرمت ابطال وجود ندارد و جدا از همه اینها مهمترین اشکال این است که تمسک به این آیه برای تصحیح عمل تمسک به عام در شبهه نصداقی است چون ما اصلا نمیدانیم که این عمل صحیح است که حرمت ابطال داشته باشد یا با همان امر مشکوک باطل شده و آیه موضوع ندارد

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