29 بهمن

[علیرضا عسکری]

بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم
دوشنبه 29 بهمن ماه _ فقه استاد قائنی-قسامه

بحث در اشتراط لوث در مشروعیت قسامه
صحیحه زراره دلالتش روشن و بقیه روایات دلالت روشنی نداشت.

روایت پنجم
صاحب جواهر
وَ عَنْهُ عَنْ هَارُونَ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ مَسْعَدَةَ بْنِ زِيَادٍ عَنْ جَعْفَرٍ ع قَالَ: كَانَ أَبِي رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ إِذَا لَمْ يُقِمِ الْقَوْمُ الْمُدَّعُونَ- الْبَيِّنَةَ عَلَى قَتْلِ قَتِيلِهِمْ- وَ لَمْ يُقْسِمُوا بِأَنَّ الْمُتَّهَمِينَ قَتَلُوهُ- حَلَّفَ الْمُتَّهَمِينَ بِالْقَتْلِ خَمْسِينَ يَمِيناً بِاللَّهِ- مَا قَتَلْنَاهُ وَ لَا عَلِمْنَا لَهُ قَاتِلًا- ثُمَّ يُؤَدِّي الدِّيَةَ إِلَى أَوْلِيَاءِ الْقَتِيلِ- ذَلِكَ إِذَا قُتِلَ فِي حَيٍّ وَاحِدٍ- فَأَمَّا إِذَا قُتِلَ فِي عَسْكَرٍ أَوْ سُوقِ مَدِينَةٍ- فَدِيَتُهُ تُدْفَعُ إِلَى أَوْلِيَائِهِ مِنْ بَيْتِ الْمَالِ.(وسائل الشيعة، ج‌29، ص:153)
فعل یودَّی الدیه باید معلوم باشد نه مجهول ، زیرا مورد روایت شخص متهم متعدد فرض شد و اگر قراربود خودشان پرداخت کنند باید گفته میشد یودُّوا
روایت میگوید مقتول اگر در حی باشد، مردم آن حی باید دیه را بپردازند اما اگر در مرکز شهر باشد باید از بیت المال پرداخت شود.
از جهت تفصیل بین قتیل حی و غیر حی میتوان گفت لوث شرط است زیرا اگر لوث نباشد تفصیل جا ندارد و در نهایت میفرمایند تفصیل بخاطر محل پرداخت دیه است نه لوث
مراد روایت حصر قسامه در این فرض نیست و نمیتواند شرط لوث باشد مگر اینکه گفته شود مفروض روایت لوث است ولذا گویا اعتبار و اشتراط لوث در روایت مفروغ است اما به نظر ما اینکه مفروغیت اعتبار را برساند ، خیلی روشن نیست.

تا اینجا شرط بودن لوث مشخص شد.
مرحوم اردبیلی
ایشان که در کل روایات تشکیک کرده اند و دلالتشان را بر اشتراط نپذیرفته اند میفرمایند قضیه را باید با اجماع درست کرد.
صاحب ریاض
لوث شرط است زیرا در اینجا از موارد شک در حجیت است . و اطلاقی هم بر حجیت قسامه نداریم و این روایات در مقام بیان اصل مشروعیت قسامه است اما اطلاق ندارد.سر آن این است که روایات قسامه دو طایفه است.یک طایفه روایات خیبر و طایفه دیگر دو یا سه روایتی است که ان الله حکم فی دمائکم
اما روایت مشتمل بر قضیه خیبر و حکم به قسامه : آنها اطلاق ندارد و میگوید در آن قضیه قسامه ثابت است و در انجا اتهام مفروض بود و اگر اتهام مفروض نبودنمیتوان تعدی کرد مگر به الغاء خصوصیت که این هم معلوم نیست.
اما طایفه دوم : مفاد این است که بدانید میزان باب دماء فرق دارد.اما اینکه کجا و با چه شرائطی بینه بر عهده مدعی علیه است و آیا مطلقاست ؛ این را نمی رساند و میخواهد بگوید فکر نکنید حجت بر قصاص منحصر در بینه است.ولذا اطلاقی بر حجیت قسامه در غیر لوث نداریم.

ان شئت فقل : اگر دلیل از حیثی در مقام بیان بود و از حیثیت دیگری نمیدانیم ، اصلی که بیان کند که در مقام بیان بوده وجود ندارد. اصاله الاطلاق هم کارایی ندارد. مجرای اصاله الاطلاق، شک در مقام بیان بودن است، مثلا احل البیع. در این مثال نمیدانیم آیا اجمال گویی است یا نه ، اصل جاری میشود. اما اگر کلام از حیثی حتما در مقام بیان است اما از حیثی نه ، نمیتوان به اصلاله الاطلاق تمسک کرد.
استاد : انکار اطلاق توسط صاحب ریاض حرف بعیدی نیست. اگر از این هم گذشتیم و گفتیم اطلاق وجود دارد باز میگوییم لوث شرط است زیرا اشتراط لوث از مشهورات بین کل المسلمین است و این حاکی از مفروغیت آن در اذهان مسلمین است به نحوی که اگر امام میخواستند اطلاق را اتکالا بر ان قید لوث بفهمانند جا داشت و از قبیل قرینه متصلی است که مانع شکل گیری اطلاق میشود.

[عباس نوری]

سلام علیکم
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