تقریر اصول21آبان

[سید محسن منافی]

نسبت بین استصحاب و اصول عملیه نقلیه نیز ورود است. این ورود را مرحوم آخوند بر اساس توفیق عرفی اثبات می کند. همان گونه که این مطلب را در درر الفوائد صریحاً آورده است. تقریبش این گونه است: وقتی دلیل استصحاب را با حدیث رفع مثلاً بسنجیم، از حدیث رفع این را می فهمیم که موضوعش(چه در مفاد استعمالی و چه مفاد جدی)، شک از همه ی جهات است حتی از جهت شک در بقاء(پس برائت در جایی جاری می شود که نه علم داشته باشتیم و نه حجت و استصحاب می گوید من حجت هستم).

با در نظر گرفتن دلیل حجیت استصحاب نسبت به دلیل برائت، استصحاب موضوع برائت را حقیقتا از بین می‌برد. پس توفیق عرفی بین دلیل حجیت استصحاب و برائت باعث می‌شود موارد استصحاب وارد بر برائت باشند و جریان استصحاب در مورد، موضوع برائت را حقیقتا منتفی می‌کند.

بنابراین با اینکه نسبت بین دلیل اصول برائت و استصحاب عموم و خصوص من وجه است و استصحاب موارد شک در غیر احکام الزامی جاری است بر خلاف برائت که فقط در موارد شک در حکم الزامی جاری است همان طور که برائت در مواردی که حالت سابقه وجود ندارد جاری است ولی استصحاب جاری نیست با این حال در موارد جریان استصحاب، دلیل برائت موضوع ندارد و این موضوع نداشتن به واسطه توفیق عرفی اتفاق می‌افتد. مفاد دلیل استصحاب این است که در این موارد استصحاب حجت است و با حجت بودن استصحاب، آنچه موضوع برائت بود (شک در حکم من جمیع الجهات) واقعا محقق نیست. موضوع دلیل استصحاب شک در حکم من جمیع الجهات نیست تا بتوان عکس این مساله را تصویر کرد و لذا در جایی که بقای واقع مشکوک باشد و حجت بر عدم بقاء داشته باشیم باز هم در بقای واقع شک هست و لذا مجرای استصحاب هست حتی اگر در موارد آن برائت هم حجت باشد و لذا تقدیم دلیل برائت بر استصحاب فقط با تخصیص دلیل استصحاب قابل تصور است و تخصیص مبتلا به دور است. تخصیص دلیل استصحاب با دلیل برائت متوقف است بر اینکه دلیل برائت تخصیص نخورده باشد و عدم تخصیص آن متوقف بر این است که دلیل استصحاب آن را تخصیص نزده باشد و دلیل استصحاب در صورتی دلیل برائت را تخصیص نمی‌زند که به دلیل برائت تخصیص بخورد. پس دلیل برائت نمی‌تواند دلیل استصحاب را تخصیص بزند. اشکال نشود دلیل استصحاب هم نمی‌تواند مخصص دلیل برائت باشد چرا که آن هم مبتلا به دور است چرا که توفیق عرفی باعث شد موضوع دلیل برائت طوری تغییری کند که در موارد استصحاب برائت موضوع نداشته باشد. به عبارت دیگر امر دائر بین ورود و تخصیص است و هر جا امر بین ورود از یک طرف و تخصیص از طرف دیگر دائر شود ورود مقدم است. یعنی اگر جایی این طوری باشد که اگر یک دلیل را مقدم کنیم موضوع دلیل دیگر حقیقتا منتفی است و اگر دلیل دیگر را مقدم کنیم موضوع این دلیل از بین نمی‌رود و باید به تخصیص قائل شویم در این جا دلیلی که موضوع دلیل دیگر را از بین می‌برد مقدم است.
ضمائم:
- كفاية الأصول ؛ ص430: أما الأول [ورود الاستصحاب على سائر الأصول‏] فالنسبة بينه و بينها هي بعينها النسبة بين الأمارة و بينه فيقدم عليها و لا مورد معه لها للزوم محذور التخصيص إلا بوجه دائر في العكس و عدم محذور فيه أصلا هذا في النقلية منها.
و أما العقلية فلا يكاد يشتبه وجه تقديمه عليها بداهة عدم الموضوع معه لها ضرورة أنه إتمام حجة و بيان و مؤمن من العقوبة و به الأمان و لا شبهة في أن الترجيح به عقلا صحيح.
- درر الفوائد في الحاشية على الفرائد ؛ الحاشيةالجديدة ؛ ص392: إنّ وجه تقديم الاستصحاب على سائر الأصول هو بعينه وجه تقديم الأمارات عليه، فإنّ المشكوك معه يكون من وجه و بعنوان ممّا علم حكمه و إن شكّ‏ فيه بعنوان آخر، و موضوع الأصول هو المشكوك من جميع‏ الجهات‏.

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