تقریر فقه 15 دی

[سید محسن منافی]

دلیل دیگر سیره ی عقلاء است. در مقام تعرض به غیر، سیره‌ی عقلا این است که از خفیف به شدید انجام می‌دهند؛ به نحوی که اگر کسی این ترتیب را مراعات نکند، ملامتش می‌کنند. استدلال به این سیره، دو بیان دارد:
بیان اول: ارتکازات عقلائیه می تواند در ظهورگیری تأثیرگذار باشد. در ما نحن فیه هم ارتکاز عقلائی بر این است که از أخف شروع می کنند. (ارتکاز مرتبط به عمل خارجی عقلاء نمی باشد ولی سیره مرتبط به عمل خارجی عقلاء است.)
تطبیق کبری بر مثال‌های دیگر
مثال‌هایی برای این کبری که ارتکاز عقلاء، تأثیرگذار در ظهور است.
مثال اول: در باب «طهارت و نجاست» اگر روایتی بگوید: «اذا اصاب ثوبک الکلب، فاغسله.»، ظاهر این دلیل اگرچه مقید به «رطوبت مسریه» (یا به قول مرحوم امام ساریه) نشده‌است، ولی چون در ارتکاز عرف هست که: «اگر دو جسم خشک به هم بخورند، تأثیری ندارد.»، مردم از اول مقید می‌فهمند؛ به‌شرطی که رطوبت مسریه داشته‌باشد.
مثال دوم: در باب «تطهیر» اگر بفرمایند: «الماء یطهِّر و لایطهَّر» یا «اغسل بالماء»، اطلاقش شامل «ماء متنجس» هم می‌شود، ولی به خاطر این ارتکاز عقلا بر این که: «آبی که خودش طاهر نیست، صلاحیت برای مطهِّریت ندارد.» آن اطلاق مقید می‌شود.
مثال سوم: در بسیاری ادله برای «تطهیر» فقط گفته شده: «اغسله» و نفرموده: «بالماء»، و لذا اطلاقش شامل غیر «ماء» هم می‌شود، ولی به قرینه‌ی ارتکاز عقلا انصراف دارد به «شستن به آب».
مثال چهارم: «ان المشتری إن جاء بالثمن خلال ثلاثه أیام، فهو. و الا، فلا بیع بینهما»؛ وقتی معامله نقدی است اگر مشتری تا سه روز ثمن را نیاورد، به حسب این روایت، بیعی بین‌شان نیست. جمود به ظاهر، صرف نظر از ارتکازات عقلائیه، باعث می‌شود استظهارکنیم حکم تعبدی بر بطلان را. ولی با توجه به ارتکازات عقلا که چنین بیعی را غیرلازم می‌دانند نه غیرصحیح، می‌فهمیم: یعنی «لا بیعَ لازماً»؛ یعنی بایع می‌تواند به هم بزند، نه این که علی‌رغم میل و خواسته‌ی بایع بر بقای بیع، باز هم بیع باطل است.
مثال پنجم: در ارتکازات عقلائیه گاز یا بخار، صلاحیت تنجّس ندارد و این را داخل در موضوع متنجس نمی‌دانند، بنابراین اطلاق ادله‌ی تنجّس، شامل گاز یا بخار نمی‌شود.
مثال ششم: آیا «کل شیء لک حلال حتی تعلم أنه حرام» شامل تمام «شبهات موضوعیه» می‌شود؟ این روایت اطلاق دارد، ولی بعضی بزرگان مثل محقق میلانی در کتاب الخمس، یا مثل مرحوم حاج شیخ عبدالکریم بر اساس ارتکازات عقلا معتقدند این اطلاق، مقید است به مواردی که فحص ممکن نباشد یا مشکل باشد، اما جایی که به تعبیر حاج‌شیخ عبدالکریم علمش در آستینت است یعنی تا نگاه کنی می‌فهمی، این اطلاق شامل این موارد نمی‌شود، به تعبیر دیگر: ادله‌ی برائت در شبهات موضوعیه، از این موارد انصراف دارد.
بعید نیست که این استدلال تمام باشد و فرمایش بزرگانی مثل صاحب جواهر یا محقق خوانساری در جامع المدارک که فرموده‌اند: «مقتضای ادله اطلاق است» و برای اثبات «ترتیب» خواسته‌اند به ادله‌ی شرعیه تمسک کنند، تمام نباشد؛ چرا که با توجه به ارتکازات و سیَر عقلائیه اصلاً چنین اطلاقی نداریم.
آن دو احتمال مبنی بر این که «شاید شارع جهت رادعیت بیشتر یا چاشنی تعزیر را لحاظ کرده‌باشد، جلوی حکم عقل را می‌گیرد، ولی مانع سیره‌ی عقلا که ممکن است از خیلی امور عقلی غافل باشند نمی‌شود.
تقریب دوم: اطلاقات منعقدشده را مقیَّد می‌کند: اولاً ادله‌ی امربه‌معروف اطلاق دارد و تخییر بین مراتب را اثبات می‌کند، ثانیاً از سیره‌ی عقلا حکم شرع را به صورت اطمینانی کشف می‌کنیم که باید «ترتیب» را مراعات کنیم، پس این «حکم مکشوف به سیره» آن اطلاقات را مقیَّدمی‌کند؛ وزان سیره، وزان آیه یا روایتی است که می‌گوید: «ترتیب را مراعات کنید».

[سید صالح صالحی]

باعرض سلام
تقریر خوبی بود
چند نکته:
اول: ارتکازات می تواند جلوی ظهور در اطلاق را بگیرد، مثل قرائن محفوفه به کلام.
دوم: فرق ارتکاز و سیره ذکر نشد.
سوم: در مثال های مذکور اگر به بیان خودتان می نوشتید بهتر بود.

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