تحقیق جلسه 98/11/29 جریان استصحاب با وجود ظن به خلاف

[حمید رضا الوستانی]

با سلام و احترام
1. محل بحث در تنبیه دوازدهم یعنی جریان و عدم جریان استصحاب با وجود ظن به خلاف حالت سابقه را تحریر نمایید.
2. نظر مصنف را در این زمینه مطابق مبنای قدماء و متأخرین در مورد حجیت استصحاب توضیح دهید.
3. عبارت صفحه 287و289(واعلم أن الشهید فی الذکری...) را به طور کامل مطالعه نمایید تا مورد بحث و بررسی قرار گیرد ان شاء الله.
با تشکر

[مهدی محمودی]

1.محل بحث در این است که اگر یقین سابق بیدا کردیم برای جریان استصحاب باید صرف شک لاحق باشد یا آنکه در صورت وجود اماره ی غیر معتبره بر خلاف که ظن می آورد نیز می توان استصحاب جاری کرد.
2.طبق نظر متاخرین که استصحاب را از باب اخبار حجت می دانند فرقی بین دو صورت مذکور نیست و در هر دو صورت استصحاب جاری می شود.ادله:
الف)اجماع ب)مراد از شک معنای لغوی آن است که شامل ظن هم می شود و شکی که در اخبار آمده به همین معنا می باشد نه صرفا به معنای متساوی الطرفین.ایشان برای مدعای خودشان به روایاتی تمسک می کنند از جمله اینکه شک مقابل یقین قرار داده شده(یعنی عدم العلم) و این یعنی شامل تمامی موارد شک اصطلاحی و شک لغوی نیز می شود.ج)ظنون غير معتبره بر دو قسمند:
الف: ظنونى كه دليل قاطع بر بطلان آنها قائم شده همانند ظن قياسى.
ب: ظنونى كه نه دليل قاطع بر بطلان آنها قائم شده و نه بر حجيت آنها و خلاصه مشكوك الاعتبار هستند [كه در جاى خود ثابت شده كه قوام حجيت به علم است و مجرّد شك كافى نيست بلكه شك در حجيت مساوى است با عدم الحجيّة] نظير شهرت فتوائيه حال اگر ظن به خلاف حالت سابقه از قبيل قسم اوّل باشد كه وجودش كالعدم است و گويا اصلا ظنى حاصل نشده بلكه شك است پس هر اثرى كه عند الشك مترتب بود عند هذا الظن ايضا مترتب مى‏شود پس استصحاب‏ جارى مى‏شود و اگر از قبيل قسم ثانى باشد اگرچه برحسب ظاهر رفع يد از يقين بواسطه ظن است ولى چون اين ظن پشتوانه ندارد بازميگردد به اينكه رفع يد از يقين بواسطه شك شده و به حكم روايات لا تنقض اليقين بالشك
اما طبق مبنای متقدمین که استصحاب را از باب عقل حجت می دانند چون مناط را ظن نوعى و شأنى به بقاء حالت سابقه می دانند باز مثل طرفداران حجيت از باب اخبار در هر دو صورت استصحاب را جارى مى‏كند چون حالت سابقه قابليت افاده ظن به بقاء را داشته اگرچه بالفعل ظن نياورد.

[niroumand]

بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم
1. محلّ بحث در این است که برای اجرای استصحاب صرف شک لاحق کافی است یا علاوه بر شک باید ظن به خلاف حالت سابقه هم نداشته باشد.
2. طبق هر دو مبنا وجود ظن به خلاف حالت سابقه مانع استصحاب نیست. زیرا طبق مبنای اصل عملی، اجماع بر عدم قدح است، هم چنین معنای لغوی شک در مقابل یقین است، همچنین ظن غیرمعتبر اگر یقین به عدم حجیت آن باشد کالعدم است نزد شارع و اگر شک هم باشد مشمول روایت لاتنقض الیقین بالشک می شود. طبق مبنای اماره بودن هم باز مانع نیست زیرا ظنّ نوع موارد ملاک است نه شخص افراد یا موارد.

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