تقریر درس خارج اصول استاد قائنی 20 اسفند؛ بیان کلام شهید صدر در قاعده الجمع مهما أمکن
بسم الله الرّحمن الرّحیم
مرحوم آقای صدر فرموده می¬توان قاعده «الجمع مهما أمکن» را وفق قاعده جمع عرفی تبیین نمود و نتیجه این می شود که در غالب موارد تعارض ، تعارض مستقرّ نخواهد بود.
برای تطبیق این بیان ، دو مثال بیان می کنیم :
مثال اول که در آن جمع موضوعی می کنیم :
در تعارض بین «لا بأس ببیع العذرة» و «ثمن العذرة سحت» هر کدام از این دو جمله ، دو دلالت دارد که یکی بالنصوصیّة است و دیگری بالظهور است و بواسطه نصّ هرکدام در ظهور دیگری تصرّف می کنیم. توضیح ذلک :
اسم جنس وضع شده برای طبیعت مهمله فلذا هرگاه استعمال شود ، آن جمله نصّ در ثبوت حکم برای طبیعت بنحو قضیه مهمله است. مقدمات حکمت هم منشأ برای ظهور کلام در طبیعت مطلقه می شود و هرگاه در کلامی تمام باشند ، منشأ برای ظهور ثبوت حکم برای طبیعت بنحو اطلاق است.
هر کدام از این دو جمله ، این دو دلالت را دارند و تعارض کنونی بین حکم مهمل در هرجمله با حکم مطلق در جمله دیگر است ؛ واضح است که در این موارد بواسطه نصّ یک کلام از ظهور کلام معارضش رفع ید می کنیم.
پس هر جمله قدر متیقنی دارد که بالنصوصیة دالّ بر آن است و در موارد تعارض بواسطه همین قدر متیقن در دلیل معارض تصرف می کنیم و از ظهورش رفع ید می کنیم.
مثال دوم که در آن جمع حکمی می کنیم :
اگر یک دلیل از عملی نهی کرد و دلیل دیگر تصریح به اباحه داشت (بنحوی که متباینین بودند) ، در اینگونه موارد بین دلیلین جمع حکمی می کنیم : دلیلی که تصریح به اباحه داشت ، نصّ در جواز ارتکاب و ظاهر در اباحه بالمعنی الأخصّ است. دلیلی هم که ناهی بود ، نصّ در مبغوضیّت و ظاهر در حرمت و عدم جواز ارتکاب است. نتیجه اخذ به نصّ هر دو دلیل اینست که بگوئیم آن دلیل مبغوض ولی جایز است یعنی مکروه است ؛ بواسطه دو نصّ ، از دو ظاهر رفع ید کردیم.
نتیجه : قاعده الجمع مهما أمکن ، وفق جمع عرفی است.
سپس مرحوم شهید صدر به این بیان ، اشکال می کنند :
مفاد جمع مهما أمکن ، این نیست که موارد جمع عرفی را هم شامل شود زیرا در جمع عرفی ، مفاد دلیل ظهور در معنای محقِّق جمع دارد ولی در قاعده جمع مهما أمکن اینگونه نیست که دلیل معارض، بالخصوص متعرض آن معنای محقِّق جمع باشد بلکه بالإطلاق دال بر معنایی است و آن معنی عقلا مستلزم معنای محقِّق جمع است. در مثال اول هم گفته شد که «لا بأس ببیع العذرة» نصّ در «نفی بأس فی الجملة» است نه اینکه بالخصوص نفی بأس فی الجملة کرده باشد.
پس اگر دلالت قضیه بالخصوص و بالظهور نباشد و از باب قدر متیقن باشد ، جمع عرفی محسوب نمی شود ؛ قدر متیقن ، ظهور نمی سازد.
تحقیق الکلام : تعارض سه قسم است :
1. یک دلیل ، معنایی دارد و دلیل معارضش بالظهور الخاص دلالت بر نقطه جمع دارد ؛ جمع عرفی است.
2. دلالت دلیل بر نقطه جمع و معنای محقِّق جمع ، بالخصوص نیست بلکه استلزام عقلی است. قدر متیقنی است که لازمه ثبوت حکم است (مثلا اگر حکم ممنوعیت بر عذرة باشد ، قطعا بر عذرة نجس هست و اینکه فقط برای عذرة غیر نجس باشد قبیح است. یا اینکه اگر جواز بیع عذره باشد قطعا برای عذره غیر نجس هست و اگر فقط برای خصوص عذره نجس باشد قبیح است.) ؛ همین موارد قاعده الجمع مهما أمکن است که جمع عرفی در آن وجود ندارد.
3. گاهی دلالت دو کلام اجمال دارد ولی اگر قرار باشد هر دو درست باشد ، باید هرکدام را حمل بر معنایی کرد. در این موارد جمع عرفی نیست ولی نتیجه جمع عرفی هست. مثال فقهی : تحدید کرّ در روایت ابن ابی عمیر «1200 رطل» و در روایت محمد بن مسلم «600 رطل» وارد شده و نمی دانیم که رطل عراقی مراد است یا رطل مکی ولی این را می دانیم که رطل مکی دو برابر رطل عراقی است. دلیل حجیّت گفته که هر دو خبر ثقه هستند پس هر دو را تصدیق کن ؛ عقلاً اگر بخواهیم هر دو را تصدیق کنیم ناچاریم از اینکه اولی را حمل کنیم بر رطل عراقی و دومی را حمل کنیم بر رطل مکی. حکم «تعبد به صدور» حکم «علم به صدور» است ؛ اگر علم به صدور این دو داشتیم ، علم میداشتیم که هر دو صادق بوده و همین محمل را دارند ؛ اکنون نیز که متعبد به صدور شده ایم ، هینگونه حمل می کنیم.
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