اصول 7 بهمن ماه استاد قائنی
بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم
یکشنبه 7بهمن ماه _ اصول استاد قائنی _ اصل اولی در متعارضین
بنابر سببیت
مرحوم آخوند : تفصیل وجود دارد و دو صورت می باشد.
صورت اول : ملتزم میشویم به اختصاص سببیت در غیر علم به کذب احدهما : حکم سببیت حکم طریقیت است.و علت اینکه مانند طریقیت است ، این باشد که بحث در امارات تاره :
از ظهور
از جهت صدور : که آیا برای بیان حکم واقعی است یا در مقام تقیه؟
از اصل صدور : ولو خبری که نص در دلالت است وعلی تقدیر صدوره احتمال تقیه هم در آن نیست.
در غیر سند و صدور(ظهور ، جهت صدور) مقتضی قاعده این است که سببیتی در مورد علم به خلاف وجود ندارد زیرا عمده دلیل حجیت ظهور و جهت صدور بنای عقلاست که دلیل لبی بوده و اطلاقی نسبت به حجیت اماره در فرض علم به عدم جهت صدور ولو اجمالا یا علم به عدم ظهور ولو اجمالا وجود ندارد.
حال که سببیت را ندارد ، لذا اصل در آن تساقط است مانند فرض طریقیت.
اگر سند و اصل صدور منظور باشد : دلیل اعتبار آن تاره :
بنای عقلاست که الکلام الکلام.که متیقن از بنا ، غیر از فرض تعارض و علم اجمالی به کذب احدهماست.
و اخری ظهور آیات و روایت و ادله لفظیه بدانیم : بازهم همین است زیرا ظهور ادله حجیت خبر و صدور در اوسع از فرض شک نیست و شامل فرض علم اجمالی به کذب نمیشود و ادله صدق العادل اقتضای سببیت رانسبت به این فرض ندارد.یا از باب اینکه امضای سیره عقلاییه است و اگر امضا نباشد،اما دلالتی اوسع از موارد سیره ندارد . لولم نقل که قدر متیقن از بنای عقلا و دلیل ، موارد ظن به صدور و بلکه اطمئنان به صدور باشد.
صورت دوم : منظور از امارتین متعارضتین همان قضیه صدور است و قائل شدیم دلیل لفظی دلیل اعتبار آن است و آن نیز اوسع از موارد شک بوده و شامال مورد علم اجمالی به کذب نیز میشود.
اینجا تفصیل وجود دارد
گاهی تزاحم است و آن در جایی است که : تعارض بین دو اماره ایست که مفادشان الزام به متناقضین(وجوب جمعه و عدم وجوب جمعه) یا الزام دو امر متضاد (بالذات مانند وجوب و حرمت نماز جمعه یا بالعرض وجوب جمعه و ظهر با توجه به دلیل ثالث)است.
زیرا ملاک تزاحم وجود دارد که دو اماره واجد ملاک است(بنابر سببیت واجد ملاک است) و مکلف در مقام امتثال قدرت بر جمع بین دو تکلیف ندارد.
گاهی تزاحم نیست : تعارض بین دو اماره ای که مفاد یکی الزام و مفاد دیگری حکم ترخیصی است مثل وجوب و استحباب جمعه.در اینجا سه حرف وجود دارد :
حرف اول : اینجا تزاحمی شکل نمیگیرد زیرا اینجا تزاحم مقتضی ولامقتضی است و هیچوقت حکم الزامی و ترخیصی با هم دگیر نمیشوند.و در نتیجه یتعین که مکلف بر طبق اماره الزامی عملی کند
حرف دوم : الا ان یقال : بین حکم اقتضایی و لااقتضایی میتواند تزاحم باشد.آن حکم لااقتضایی مزاحم با اقتضایی نیست که لااقتضا ناشی از اقتضایی نباشد اما اگر لااقتضا ناشی از اقتضا باشد دریگیر وجود دارد.مانند اباحه عن اقتضا.
توضیح مطلب : اباحه دو جور است : گاهی الزامی نیست و میگیوییم مباح است و گاهی اباحه اقتضاییه است یعنی اقتضای مطلق العنان بودن وجود دارد. در این صورت این با وجوب درگیری دارد و بین وجوب واستحباب سِواک ، تزاحم شکل میگیرد.اباحه لااقتضا مزاحمت ایجاد نمیکند اما اباحه عن اقتضا تزاحم ایجاد میکند تا جایی که مانع میشود حکم اقتضایی تاثیر در الزام کند.زیرا اقتضای الزام ، جایی تاثیر در الزام بالفعل میکند که مانع نداشته باشد و اباحه عن اقتضا ، مانع بالفعل است.
عبارت مرحوم آخوند :فیزاحم به ما یقتضی الالزام و لایزاحم بمقتضیه(الازامی) ما یقتضی غیر الالزامی.
اما عکس این صادق نیست و مقتضی الزام ، مانع نیست: زیرا مقتضی الزام در حد اقتضاست نه علت تامه(لکفایه عدم تمامیته-الزامی-)
حرف سوم
جلسه بعد ان شاءالله
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